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Operation Totalize

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</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Totalize</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"> A <a href="Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell tank</a> and <a href="Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">jeep</a> pass an abandoned German <a href="8.8_cm_PaK_43" class="mw-redirect" title="8.8 cm PaK 43">88 mm</a> anti-tank gun during Operation Totalize, 8 August 1944.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8–10 August 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:49.18611111111111,-0.3625">49°11′10″N 0°21′45″W / 49.18611°N 0.36250°W / 49.18611; -0.36250</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a> <a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Harry Crerar</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"></a> <a href="Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

85,000 men 2,000 aircraft 720 artillery pieces 3 infantry <a href="Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> 2 armoured divisions 2 armoured <a href="Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200423-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

3 infantry divisions, 1 SS Panzer division 1 heavy tank <a href="Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> At least 74 tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200432-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

At least 1,256<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> 146+ tanks<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

3,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> At least 45 tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997414-8">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)8449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (Battle of Normandy)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li>

<li><a href="D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able">Postage Able</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul>

Airborne assault British Sector

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a></li></ul>

<a href="American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul>

<a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> American Sector

<ul><li><a href="Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul>

Anglo-Canadian Sector

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul>

Logistics

<ul><li><a href="American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Ground campaign American Sector

<ul><li><a href="Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Anglo-Canadian Sector

<li><a href="Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul>

Breakout

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a></li>

<li>

<li><a href="Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li>

<li><a href="Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Britanny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul>

Air and Sea operations

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul>

Supporting operations

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket">Bulbasket</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth">Houndsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton">Loyton</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling">Kipling</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy">Wallace & Hardy</a></li></ul>

<hr>

Aftermath

<ul><li><a href="List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

Operation Totalize (also spelled Operation Totalise in recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops in the <a href="First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> during the later stages of <a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, from 8 to 10 August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410–414-9">[6]</a> The intention was to break through the <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> defences south of <a href="Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> on the eastern flank of the Allied positions in Normandy and exploit success by driving south, to capture the high ground north of the city of <a href="Falaise%2C_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a>. The goal was to collapse the German front and cut off the retreat of German forces fighting the <a href="Allied_Powers_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Powers (World War II)">Allied</a> armies further west. The battle is considered the inaugural operation of the First Canadian Army, which had been activated on 23 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229-10">[7]</a>

In the early hours of 8 August 1944, <a href="II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a> launched the attack using <a href="Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a>. They broke through the German front lines and captured vital positions deep in the German defences. It was intended that two fresh armoured divisions would continue the attack but some hesitancy by these two comparatively inexperienced divisions and German armoured counter-attacks halted this offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel1986366-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzámvéber2018168-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014172-13">[10]</a> Having advanced 9 mi (14 km), the Allies were halted 7 mi (11 km) north of Falaise and forced to prepare a fresh attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997414-8">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<a href="Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> had been an objective of the British forces assaulting <a href="Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a> on <a href="D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003110-14">[11]</a> The German defences were discovered to be strongest in this sector and most of the German reinforcements sent to <a href="Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> were committed to the defence of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004215-15">[12]</a> Positional warfare ensued for the next six weeks. Several attempts by British and Canadian forces to capture Caen were unsuccessful until 9 July, when all of the city, north of the <a href="Orne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orne River">Orne River</a>, was captured during <a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a>. Between 18 July and 20 July, British forces launched <a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a> to outflank the city to the east and south, while Canadian forces mounted <a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> to cross the Orne River and clear the remaining portions of the city. Although Operation Goodwood was halted with many tank losses, the two operations secured a bridgehead 6 mi (9.7 km) wide and 3 mi (4.8 km) deep south of the Orne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003157-16">[13]</a>

The Germans retained their hold on the commanding terrain of the <a href="Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> 5 mi (8.0 km) south of the city. The British and Canadian attacks launched around Caen (in part to distract the Germans from the western part of the front, where the <a href="First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First United States Army</a> was preparing to break out of the Allied lodgement) had caused the Germans to defend Verrières ridge with some of their strongest and most determined formations, including elements of three <a href="SS_Panzer_Division_order_of_battle" title="SS Panzer Division order of battle">SS Panzer divisions</a> of the <a href="I_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="I SS Panzer Corps">I SS Panzer Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003161-17">[14]</a>

Within 48 hours of the end of Operation Goodwood, the <a href="2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a> launched an attack against the "formidable" German defences on Verrières Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The Canadians suffered over 1,300 casualties and territorial gains were minimal. From 25 July to 27 July, another attempt was made to take the ridge as part of <a href="Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Operation Spring</a>. Poor execution resulted in around 1,500 Canadian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200952-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960194-20">[17]</a> The <a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Battle of Verrières Ridge</a> had claimed upwards of 2,800 Canadian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001166–168-21">[18]</a> While the ridge remained in German hands, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division gained a foothold on the ridge between the village of Verrières to <a href="Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay" title="Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay">St.Martin-de-Fontenay</a>, which would allow the troops to assemble free of German observation while they prepared to launch Operation Totalize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004226-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200957-23">[20]</a>

On 25 July, the American First Army began <a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a>, which after the first two days, broke through the German defences south of <a href="Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997390–392-24">[21]</a> By the end of the third day of the operation, American forces had advanced 15 mi (24 km) south of the Cobra start line at several points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997393-25">[22]</a> On 30 July, US forces captured <a href="Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>, at the base of the <a href="Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin peninsula</a>. The German left flank had collapsed and within 24 hours, units of the US <a href="United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">Third Army</a> entered <a href="Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and advanced south and west through open country, almost without opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997394-26">[23]</a> The <a href="1st_SS_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st SS Panzer Division">1st SS</a>, <a href="9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th SS</a> and <a href="116th_Panzer_Division" title="116th Panzer Division">116th</a> <a href="Panzer_Divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Divisions">Panzer divisions</a> were shifted westward from Verrières Ridge to face this new threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004226-22">[19]</a>

<a href="General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> (commanding the ground forces in Normandy), wanted an attack on the eastern flank of the front to capture Falaise, intending that such a move would precipitate a general German collapse. The First Canadian Army (Lieutenant General <a href="Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Harry Crerar</a>), held this part of the Allied front. It consisted of the British <a href="I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a>, responsible for the extreme eastern flank of the Allied lines and II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant General <a href="Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>) south of Caen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410-27">[24]</a>

Operation Totalize was to be the first major operation conducted by the <a href="First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2009xv-28">[25]</a> The <a href="II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a>, which was to carry out the operation consisted of the <a href="2nd_Canadian_Division_during_World_War_II" title="2nd Canadian Division during World War II">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a>, <a href="3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Canadian Infantry Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a>, <a href="49th_(West_Riding)_Infantry_Division" title="49th (West Riding) Infantry Division">49th (West Riding) Infantry Division</a>, <a href="51st_(Highland)_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="51st (Highland) Infantry Division">51st (Highland) Infantry Division</a>, <a href="4th_Canadian_(Armoured)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Canadian (Armoured) Division">4th Canadian (Armoured) Division</a>, <a href="1st_Polish_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Polish Armoured Division">1st Polish Armoured Division</a>, <a href="2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade">2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade</a> and the British <a href="33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="33rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">33rd Armoured Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2003138-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166-30">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_plan">Canadian plan</h2></div>

The German defences on Verrières Ridge remained very strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004423-31">[28]</a> The forward infantry positions were well dug-in, with wide fields of fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004221-32">[29]</a> The main concentration of one hundred <a href="7.5_cm_PaK_40" class="mw-redirect" title="7.5 cm PaK 40">75 mm</a> and <a href="88_mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="88 mm gun">88 mm</a> <a href="Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> was deployed around the villages of Cramesnil and <a href="Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil" title="Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil">Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil</a> 3 mi (4.8 km) behind the German forward positions, to halt any breakthrough by tanks along the Caen–Falaise road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004423-31">[28]</a> The front line and defences in depth were held by the 89th Infantry Division, <a href="85th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="85th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">85th Infantry Division</a> (recently arrived from <a href="Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>) and the remnants of the <a href="272nd_Grenadier_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="272nd Grenadier Infantry Division">272nd Grenadier Infantry Division</a> (severely depleted by the Canadians in Operation Atlantic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166-30">[27]</a> The <a href="12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a> with an attached heavy <a href="Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tank</a> battalion, with fifty tanks, was in reserve a further 3 mi (4.8 km) back. Some of the infantry were commanded by the German <a href="LXXXVI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LXXXVI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LXXXVI Korps</a> but most of the sector (and the 12th SS Panzer Division) was under the command of the I SS Panzer Corps, which had arrived in the area during Operation Goodwood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228-33">[30]</a>

Simonds knew that infantry assaults supported by massed artillery had failed to overcome the German forward lines in Operation Atlantic and Operation Spring. During Operation Goodwood, a bombardment by aircraft of <a href="RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> had assisted British tanks to break through the German front but they had then suffered many casualties from intact German defences arrayed in depth beyond the bombing. Infantry had been unable to follow up quickly enough to support the leading tanks or to secure ground behind them (follow-up units were also slowed). To solve the tactical problem presented by the terrain and the deep defences, Simonds proposed a radical solution, the first large attack by mechanized infantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003160,_166-34">[31]</a>

Some <a href="Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> regiments in Canadian and British infantry divisions had been temporarily equipped with <a href="M7_Priest" title="M7 Priest">M7 Priest</a> 105 mm self-propelled guns for the landings. When they were replaced by towed <a href="Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">QF 25-pounder</a> gun-howitzers, these vehicles were superfluous to operations. Simonds had the Priests converted into <a href="Kangaroo_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)">"Kangaroo"</a> <a href="Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> which would allow infantry to follow the tanks closely on any terrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228-33">[30]</a> Permission was first requested from the Americans, from whom the M7s had been borrowed, to convert them into APCs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166-30">[27]</a>

Simonds made <a href="Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> fundamental to his plan for breaking through the German defence zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrun2003139-35">[32]</a> The preliminary <a href="Aerial_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial bombardment">aerial bombardment</a> called for RAF bombers to saturate the German defences on both flanks of a 4 mi (6.4 km)-wide corridor along the axis of the Caen–Falaise road, during the night of 7 August. During the early hours of 8 August, two attacking forces of tanks and armoured personnel carriers would advance along the corridor. West of the road under the 2nd Canadian Division were the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade. East of the road, under the 51st (Highland) Division were the 154th (Highland) Brigade and the 33rd Armoured Brigade. These two columns would bypass the front-line defenders and capture the main German anti-tank defences around Cramesnil and Saint-Aignan de Cramesnil at dawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003165-36">[33]</a>

The second phase would follow immediately. While the remaining four infantry brigades of the 2nd Canadian Division and 51st (Highland) Division cleared up the isolated German forward defences and the 3rd Canadian Division and 49th (West Riding) Division (I Corps) began subsidiary attacks to widen the base of the salient captured in the first phase, the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and 1st Polish Armoured Division would move up the corridor to Cramesnil and prepare to advance further south. To prepare for their attack, bombers of the US <a href="Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> would bombard the German reserve positions at Hautmesnil. The ultimate objective was the high ground north of Falaise, 15 mi (24 km) beyond the start line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168-37">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Canadian_Army_attack">First Canadian Army attack</h2></div>

During the evening of 7 August 1944, the attacking forces formed up in six columns, four vehicles wide, comprising tanks, Kangaroo APCs, <a href="Half-track" title="Half-track">half tracks</a>, <a href="Self-propelled_anti-tank_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled anti-tank gun">self-propelled anti-tank guns</a> and <a href="Mine_flail" title="Mine flail">Mine flail</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997412-38">[35]</a> At 23:00, <a href="Bomber_Command" title="Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a> commenced the bombardment of German positions along the Caen front. At 23:30, the armoured columns began their advance behind a <a href="Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">rolling barrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168-37">[34]</a> Movement was slow at first, many APC drivers became disoriented by the dust caused by the vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228-33">[30]</a> Several vehicles became stuck in bomb craters. Simonds had arranged several methods for the columns to maintain direction; some vehicles were fitted with <a href="Radio_direction_finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio direction finder">radio direction finders</a>, the artillery fired target-marking shells, <a href="Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">Bofors 40 mm</a> guns fired bursts of <a href="Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">tracer</a> in the direction of the advance. In spite of all these measures, there was still confusion. Several vehicles collided or were knocked out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1984166-39">[36]</a>

The attack broke through the German defences in several places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168-37">[34]</a> By dawn, the attacking columns from the 51st (Highland) Division had reached their intended positions. The infantry dismounted from their Kangaroo APCs within 200 yd (180 m) of their objectives at the villages of Cramensnil and Saint-Aignan de Cramesnil, rapidly over-running the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997412-38">[35]</a> The columns from the 2nd Canadian Division were delayed by fog and unexpected opposition on their right flank but by noon on 8 August, the Allied forces had captured Verrières Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1984167-40">[37]</a> The novel methods used by Simonds ensured that the attackers suffered only a fraction of the loss which would have been incurred in a normal "dismounted" attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997413-41">[38]</a> The Allies were poised to move against <a href="Cintheaux" title="Cintheaux">Cintheaux</a>, 2 mi (3.2 km) south of their furthest penetration but Simonds ordered a halt, to allow field artillery and the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish armoured divisions to move into position for the second phase of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168-37">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panzergruppe_West">Panzergruppe West</h2></div>

<a href="Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">SS Brigadeführer</a> (General) <a href="Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a>, commander of the 12th SS Panzer Division, had already ordered infantry from various formations shattered by the bombers and by the armoured attack, to occupy Cintheaux. He also moved forward two <a href="Battlegroup_(army)" title="Battlegroup (army)">battlegroups</a> from his division, consisting of <a href="Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a>, infantry and Tiger tanks, positioning them across the Canadian front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228-33">[30]</a> Shortly after midday, he ordered these two battlegroups to counter-attack the leading Allied troops. At this point, the Allied offensive plan called for additional bombardment by the Eighth Air Force, before the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and the 1st Polish Armoured Division pushed south towards Falaise on either side of the Caen–Falaise Road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004424,_422-42">[39]</a>

The counter-attack by the 12th SS Panzer Division failed but placed Meyer's tanks north of the target area that the Eighth Air Force bombarded, ready for the second phase of the Allied attack. Spared the effects of the bombing, the tanks slowed the advance of the 1st Polish Armoured Division, preventing a breakthrough east of the road. West of the road, the German infantry at Cintheaux held up the Canadian armoured formations. Neither division (both on their debut) pressed their attacks as hard as Simonds demanded and laagered (took up defensive positions) while vehicles and troops were supplied and rested when dark fell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229–230-43">[40]</a>

To restore the momentum of the attack, Simonds ordered a column from the 4th Canadian Armoured Division to seize Hill 195, just to the west of the main road, halfway between Cintheaux and Falaise. Worthington Force with B, C and HQ companies of the <a href="Algonquin_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquin Regiment">Algonquin Regiment</a> supporting 52 tanks from the <a href="British_Columbia_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Regiment">British Columbia Regiment</a>, bumped into the rear of Halfpenny Force fighting the SS in Bretteville-le-Rabet, went round them and lost direction. When dawn broke on 9 August, Worthington Force was 4.5 mi (7.2 km) to the east of Hill 195 at <a href="Battle_for_Hill_140" title="Battle for Hill 140">Hill 140</a>, halfway between <a href="Estr%C3%A9es-la-Campagne" title="Estrées-la-Campagne">Estrees-la-Campagne</a> and <a href="Mazi%C3%A8res" title="Mazières">Mazieres</a>. Of the fifteen attacking Allied tanks only two were able to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel1986366-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014172-13">[10]</a> By 17.00 hours what remained of Worthington Force had either been captured or forced to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[d]</a> Because the column was on Hill 140, the wrong objective, other units sent to reinforce went towards the wrong hill. Eventually, another force captured Hill 195 in a model night attack on 10 August; the Germans had been given time to withdraw and reform a defensive line on the Laison River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166-30">[27]</a> By 11 August, the Anglo-Canadian offensive had ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorne2005125-46">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

The early phases of the assault had been a great success, despite many casualties in the two Allied armoured divisions in their attempt to push towards Falaise. Formations of four divisions of the First Canadian Army held positions on Hill 195, directly north of Falaise. At the same time, Allied forces managed to inflict upwards of 1,500 casualties on the Germans. <a href="Major_general" title="Major general">Major General</a> <a href="Rod_Keller" title="Rod Keller">Rod Keller</a> was removed from his command of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, after having been badly wounded when his headquarters were hit by American bombs. Keller's poor performance in Totalize lost him the confidence of General Crerar and he received no further command positions for the remainder of the war. Simonds and Crerar mounted a follow-up offensive, <a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Operation Tractable</a>, which took place between 14 and 21 August. On 21 August, the <a href="Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise Pocket</a> was closed when Canadian and Polish units made contact with US troops from the south, ending Commonwealth participation in the Battle of Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230–232-47">[43]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Joe_Ekins" title="Joe Ekins">Joe Ekins</a></li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Valpy_Radley-Walters" title="Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters">Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Wittmann" title="Michael Wittmann">Michael Wittmann</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Michael Reynolds quoting <a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Stanisław Maczek</a>, places the Polish losses during the operation at 656 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001246-3">[3]</a> Copp wrote that Canadian losses included more than 600 men killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp2004211-4">[4]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Reynolds claims that the operation cost the Canadians over 80 tanks, while Maczek claims that the 1st Polish Armoured Division lost an additional 66 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001246-3">[3]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Copp states that German losses are estimated but did include 1,270 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp2004211-4">[4]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> German armoured counter-attacks led notably by SS-Oberscharführer <a href="Rudolf_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Roy">Rudolf Roy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzámvéber2018168-12">[9]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200423-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200423_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart2004">Hart 2004</a>, p. 23.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200432-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200432_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart2004">Hart 2004</a>, p. 32.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001246-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001246_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001246_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 246.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp2004211-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp2004211_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp2004211_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopp2004">Copp 2004</a>, p. 211.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997414-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997414_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997414_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 414.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410–414-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410–414_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, pp. 410–414.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 229.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel1986366-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel1986366_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel1986366_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFellgiebel1986">Fellgiebel 1986</a>, p. 366.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzámvéber2018168-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzámvéber2018168_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzámvéber2018168_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzámvéber2018">Számvéber 2018</a>, p. 168.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014172-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergström2014172_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergström2014172_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2014">Bergström 2014</a>, p. 172.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003110-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003110_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 110.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004215-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004215_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 215.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003157-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003157_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 157.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003161-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003161_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 161.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 222

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200952-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid200952_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2009">Reid 2009</a>, p. 52.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960194-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960194_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey & Bond 1960</a>, p. 194.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001166–168-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001166–168_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuehlke2001">Zuehlke 2001</a>, pp. 166–168.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004226-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004226_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004226_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 226.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200957-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid200957_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2009">Reid 2009</a>, p. 57.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997390–392-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997390–392_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, pp. 390–392.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997393-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997393_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 393.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997394-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997394_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 394.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 410.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2009xv-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2009xv_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2009">Reid 2009</a>, p. xv.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2003138-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2003138_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelaforce2003">Delaforce 2003</a>, p. 138.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003166_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004423-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Este2004423_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Este2004423_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Este2004">D'Este 2004</a>, p. 423.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004221-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004221_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 221.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004228_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 228.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003160,_166-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003160,_166_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, pp. 160, 166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrun2003139-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrun2003139_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrun2003">Perrun 2003</a>, p. 139.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003165-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Vat2003165_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003">Van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 165.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001168_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuehlke2001">Zuehlke 2001</a>, p. 168.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997412-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997412_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997412_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 412.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1984166-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy1984166_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy1984">Roy 1984</a>, p. 166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1984167-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy1984167_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy1984">Roy 1984</a>, p. 167.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997413-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997413_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 413.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004424,_422-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Este2004424,_422_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Este2004">D'Este 2004</a>, pp. 424, 422.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229–230-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004229–230_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, pp. 229–230.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 230.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorne2005125-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorne2005125_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCawthorne2005">Cawthorne 2005</a>, p. 125.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230–232-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson2004230–232_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, pp. 230–232.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBergström2014" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer (2014). The Ardennes, 1944-1945: Hitler's Winter Offensive. Casemate Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781612002774</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFellgiebel1986" class="citation book cs1">Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (1986). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtsteile. Podzun-Pallas. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-7909-0284-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBercuson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Bercuson" title="David Bercuson">Bercuson, David</a> (2004) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapleleafagainst0000berc">Maple Leaf Against the Axis</a>. Red Deer Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88995-305-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2005" class="citation book cs1">Cawthorne, Nigel (2005). Victory in World War II. Arcturus. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84193-351-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCopp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Copp, Terry</a> (2004) [2003]. Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8020-3780-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2003" class="citation book cs1">Delaforce, Patrick (2003) [1994]. The Polar Bears: From Normandy to the Relief of Holland with the 49th Division. Sutton Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7509-3194-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFD'Este2004" class="citation book cs1">D'Este, Carlo (2004) [1983]. Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-101761-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen (2004). Road to Falaise. Battle Zone Normandy. Sutton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7509-3016-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPerrun2003" class="citation journal cs1">Perrun, Jody (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0064">"Best-Laid Plans: Guy Simonds and Operation Totalize, 7–10 August 1944"</a>. The Journal of Military History. 67 (1): 137–173. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0064">10.1353/jmh.2003.0064</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159737875">159737875</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReid2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Brian_Reid_(historian)" title="Brian Reid (historian)">Reid, Brian</a> (2009). No Holding Back: Operation Totalize, Normandy August 1944. London: Stackpole Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8117-0584-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael (2001) [1997]. Steel Inferno: I SS Panzer Corps in Normandy. Da Capo Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-885119-44-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoy1984" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Reginald (1984). 1944 – The Canadians in Normandy. Macmillan of Canada. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7715-9796-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStaceyBond1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, C. P.</a>; Bond, C. C. J. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912012732/http://www.dnd.ca/dhh/collections/books/files/books/Victory_e.pdf">The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945</a> (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967">606015967</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnd.ca/dhh/collections/books/files/books/Victory_e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSzámvéber2018" class="citation book cs1">Számvéber, Norbert (2018). Waffen-SS Armour in Normandy: The Combat History of SS Panzer Regiment 12 and SS Panzerjager Abteilung 12, Normandy 1944, Based on their original War Diaries. Warwick: Helion. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-912174-80-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Vat2003" class="citation book cs1">Van der Vat, Dan (2003). D-Day; The Greatest Invasion, A People's History. Madison Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55192-586-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilmot1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, Chester</a> (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Wordsworth Editions. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85326-677-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2001" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2001). The Canadian Military Atlas: Canada's Battlefields from the French and Indian Wars to Kosovo. Stoddart. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7737-3289-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMaczek2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Maczek, Stanisław</a> (2006) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol15/iss2/7/">"The First Polish Armoured Division in Normandy"</a>. Canadian Military History. 15 (2). Wilfrid Laurier University Press: 51–70. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1195-8472">1195-8472</a>. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNapier2015" class="citation book cs1">Napier, S. (2015). Armoured Campaign in Normandy June–August 1944. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7509-6270-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPerrun1999" class="citation book cs1">Perrun, J. C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0007/MQ43322.pdf">Missed Opportunities: First Canadian Army and the Air Plan for Operation Totalize, 7–10 August 1944</a> (PDF) (MA). Ottawa: Carleton University. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-612-43322-9</bdi>. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrewBadsey2004" class="citation book cs1">Trew, Simon; Badsey, Stephen (2004). Battle for Caen. Battle Zone Normandy. Cheltenham: The History Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7509-3010-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li>

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a> </li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_People's_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">Atrocities against prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li>

<li><a href="International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li>

<li>Sexual violence

<ul><li><a href="German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Rape during the occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="1944_Bulgarian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="1944_Romanian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Collaboration</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_Peoples'_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li>Vietnam

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li>German prisoners

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li>

<li>Soviet prisoners

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li>

<li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>

<li><a href="1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li>

<li><a href="June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_May_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AWorld" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li>

<li><a href="American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a> (German)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li>

<li> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US)

<ul><li><a href="Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li>

<li><a href="Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li>

<li><a href="Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li>

<li><a href="Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li>

<li><a href="Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li>

<li><a href="Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobart's_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li>

<li><a href="June_6%2C_1944%2C_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li>

<li><a href="People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Rommel's_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Operation_Totalize&oldid=1300119583">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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